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- Assessing the dimensionality of a New Italian Covid-19 Conspiracy Beliefs Questionnaire
ANTICHI, L. & GIANNINI, M. (2022). Investigating the associationbetween defensive style and conspiracist ideation: A correlationalstudy. Manuscript submitted for publication.
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doi.org/10.1037/met0000200AHMED, W., VIDAL-ALABALL, J., DOWNING, J. & SEGUÍ, F.L.(2020). COVID-19 and the 5G conspiracy theory: Social networkanalysis of twitter data. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), 1-9.
doi.org/10.2196/19458BIERWIACZONEK, K., KUNST, J.R. & PICH, O. (2020). Belief inCOVID-19 conspiracy theories reduces social distancing overtime. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 12 (4), 1270-1285.
doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12223BROTHERTON, R., FRENCH, C.C. & PICKERING, A.D. (2013).Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The generic conspiracistbeliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 279.
doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279BRUDER, M., HAFFKE, P., NEAVE, N., NOURIPANAH, N. &IMHOFF, R. (2013). Measuring individual differences in genericbeliefs in conspiracy theories across cultures: ConspiracyMentality Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 225.
doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2013.00225CASSESE, E.C., FARHART, C.E. & MILLER, J.M. (2020). Genderdifferences in Covid-19 conspiracy theory beliefs. Politics andGender.
doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X2000040DARWIN, H., NEAVE, N. & HOLMES, J. (2011). Belief in conspiracytheories: The role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation andschizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 50 (8), 1289-1293.
doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.027DISEASES, T.L.I. (2020). The Covid-19 infodemic. The Lancet.Infectious Diseases, 20 (8), 875.
doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30565-XDOUGLAS, K.M. (2021). Covid-19 conspiracy theories. GroupProcesses & Intergroup Relations, 24 (2), 270-275.
doi.org/10.1177/1368430220982068DOUGLAS, K.M., SUTTON, R.M., CALLAN, M.J., DAWTRY,R.J. & HARVEY, A.J. (2016). Someone is pulling the strings:Hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracytheories. Thinking and Reasoning, 22 (1), 57-77.
doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2015.1051586DOUGLAS, K.M., SUTTON, R.M. & CICHOCKA, A.(2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. CurrentDirections in Psychological Science, 26 (6), 538-542.
doi.org/10.1177/0963721417718261FRANKS, B., BANGERTER, A., BAUER, M.W., HALL, M. & NOORT,M.C. (2017). Beyond “monologicality”? Exploring conspiracistworldviews. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 861.
doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00861FREEMAN, D., WAITE, F., ROSEBROCK, L., PETIT, A., CAUSIER,C., EAST, A., JENNER, L., TEALE, A.L., CARR, L., MULHALL,S., BOLD, E. & LAMBE, S. (2020). Coronavirus conspiracybeliefs, mistrust, and compliance with government guidelines inEngland. Psychological Medicine, 1-13. https:/
doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001890GEMENIS, K. (2021). Explaining conspiracy beliefs and scepticismaround the COVID-19 pandemic. Swiss Political Science Review,27 (2), 229-242.
doi.org/10.1111/SPSR.12467GERSTENFELD, M. (2020). Anti-Jewish coronavirus conspiracytheories in historical context. BESA Center PerspectivesPaper, 1 (513), 1-4. https://besacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/1513-Anti-Jewish-Coronavirus-Conspiracy-Theories-in-Historical-Context-Gerstenfeld-final.pdf
GOODMAN, J. & CARMICHAEL, F. (2020). Coronavirus: BillGates “Microchip” conspiracy theory and other vaccine claimsfact-checked. BBC News, Reality Check. https://www.bbc.com/news/52847648
GORETZKO, D. & BÜHNER, M. (2020). One model to rule them all?Using machine learning algorithms to determine the number offactors in exploratory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 25(6), 776-786.
doi.org/10.1037/MET0000262IMHOFF, R. & LAMBERTY, P. (2020). A bioweapon or a hoax? Thelink between distinct conspiracy beliefs about the coronavirusdisease (Covid-19): Outbreak and pandemic behavior. SocialPsychological and Personality Science, 11 (8), 1110-1118.
doi.org/10.1177/1948550620934692McMANUS, S., D’ARDENNE, J. & WESSELY, S. (2020).Correspondence Covid conspiracies: Misleading evidence can bemore damaging than no evidence at all. Psychological Medicine,1-2.
doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720002184MEESE, J., FRITH, J. & WILKEN, R. (2020). Covid-19, 5Gconspiracies and infrastructural futures: Media InternationalAustralia, 177 (1), 30-46.
doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20952165MILLER, J.M. (2020). Do Covid-19 conspiracy theory beliefs form amonological belief system? Canadian Journal of Political Science,53 (2), 319-326.
doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000517OPEN (2020, July 6). Coronavirus, ordinavano agli operatori del118 di suonare le sirene per terrorizzare tutti? Nessuna prova.https://www.open.online/2020/07/06/coronavirus-ordinavano-operatori-118-suonare-sirene-terrorizzare-tutti/OPEN (2021a, March 3). Coronavirus, bollettini gonfiati con falsi mortiCovid? No. Ecco come vengono classificati i decessi. https://www.open.online/2021/03/03/coronavirus-bollettini-gonfiati-con-falsi-morti-covid-no-ecco-come-vengono-classificati-i-decessi/OPEN (2021b, April 3). Finti morti Covid-19 fumano la sigarettadentro i sacchi neri? La teoria del complotto in un video musicale.https://www.open.online/2021/04/03/teoria-del-complotto-finti-morti-covid-video-musicale/REVELLE, W. (2021, June 18). Procedures for Psychological,Psychometric, and Personality Research. https://personality-project.org/r/psych/SALLAM, M., DABABSEH, D., YASEEN, A., AL-HAIDAR, A.,ABABNEH, N.A., BAKRI, F.G. & MAHAFZAH, A. (2020).Conspiracy beliefs are associated with lower knowledge andhigher anxiety levels regarding covid-19 among students at theuniversity of Jordan. International Journal of EnvironmentalResearch and Public Health, 17 (14), 1-15.
doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144915SARATHCHANDRA, D. & HALTINNER, K. (2020). How believingclimate change is a “hoax” shapes climate skepticism in theUnited States. Environmental Sociology, 7 (3), 225-238.
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doi.org/10.21105/JOSS.02521STEPHENS, M. (2020). A geospatial infodemic: Mapping Twitterconspiracy theories of Covid-19. Dialogues in HumanGeography, 10(2), 276–281. https:/
doi.org/10.1177/2043820620935683STERNISKO, A., CICHOCKA, A., CISLAK, A. & VAN BAVEL, J.J.(2020). National narcissism and the belief and the disseminationof conspiracy theories during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidencefrom 56 countries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,Advance Online Publication. https:/
doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4c6avSTOJANOV, A. & HALBERSTADT, J. (2019). The ConspiracyMentality Scale: Distinguishing between irrational andrational suspicion. Social Psychology, 50 (4), 215-232.
doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000381VAN PROOIJEN, J.W. (2017). Why education predicts decreasedbelief in conspiracy theories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(1), 50-58.
doi.org/10.1002/acp.3301VAN PROOIJEN, J.W., KROUWEL, A.P.M. & POLLET, T.V. (2015).Political extremism predicts belief in conspiracy theories.Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6 (5), 570-578.
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doi.org/10.2307/3791566APPENDIXList of itemsNumberof itemsDescription 1 Covid-19 originated from a laboratory and wasreleased voluntarily by one or more countries thatalready held the cure.Il virus Covid-19 origina da un laboratorio ed èstato rilasciato in modo volontario da uno o piùpaesi che detenevano già la cura. 2aCovid-19 originated from a laboratory and wasreleased unintentionally.Il virus Covid-19 origina da un laboratorio ed èstato rilasciato in modo involontario. 3 Covid-19 originated from a species leap, whichhas allowed human infection.Il virus Covid-19 proviene da un salto di specie,che ha permesso l’infezione dell’uomo. 4 Covid-19 does not exist. Il virus Covid-19 non esiste. 5 Covid-19 has been released to reduce thepopulation.Il virus Covid-19 è stato rilasciato per ridurre lapopolazione. 6 Covid-19 has been released by individualgovernments to control the population moreeasily.Il virus Covid-19 è stato rilasciato dai singoligoverni per poter controllare più facilmente lapopolazione. 7 One or more countries have released Covid-19 toincrease their earnings damaging others.Il virus Covid-19 è stato rilasciato da uno o piùpaesi per incrementare i loro guadagni a scapito dialtri. 8 Covid-19 has been released by drug companies toboost their earnings.Il virus Covid-19 è stato rilasciato dalle casefarmaceutiche per incrementare i loro guadagni. 9 Covid-19 has been able to spread more due to thepresence of 5G antennas.Il virus Covid-19 ha potuto diffondersi in modomaggiore per la presenza di antenne 5G.10 Bill Gates is involved in at least one of thefollowing phenomena: the spread of the Covid-19virus, construction of 5G antennas, production ofunsafe vaccines.Bill Gates è coinvolto in almeno uno dei seguentifenomeni: diffusione del virus Covid-19,costruzione di antenne 5G, produzione di vaccininon sicuri.11 A group of Jews is involved in at least one of thefollowing phenomena: the spread of the Covid-19virus, construction of 5G antennas, production ofunsafe vaccines.Un gruppo di ebrei è coinvolto in almeno uno deiseguenti fenomeni: diffusione del virus Covid-19,costruzione di antenne 5G, produzione di vaccininon sicuri.12 5G antennas are an instrument that is used bygovernments to control people’s lives.Le antenne 5G sono uno strumento utilizzato daigoverni per controllare le vite delle persone.13 Vaccines cause chronic diseases (e.g., autismor cancer).I vaccini causano malattie croniche (per esempiol’autismo o il cancro).14 Vaccines cause side effects that pharmaceuticalcompanies tend to hide to citizens.I vaccini causano effetti collaterali che le causefarmaceutiche tendono a nascondere ai cittadini.15 Vaccines contain substances harmful to health(e.g., heavy metals).Nei vaccini sono presenti sostanze nocive per lasalute (per esempio i metalli pesanti).continued on next pageNumberof itemsDescription16 The cure for Covid-19 already exists, but it hasnot been adopted because it would not be asprofitable as vaccines.La cura per il Covid-19 esiste già ma non vieneadottata perché non sarebbe redditizia come ivaccini.17 Lockdowns have been designed to controlcitizens.I lockdown imposti alla popolazione sono statiprogettati per controllare la popolazione.18 The generalized or local lockdowns have not beenhelpful to decrease Covid-19’s infections.I lockdown generalizzati o locali imposti allapopolazione non sono serviti per far diminuire icontagi del virus Covid-19.19 Governments have intentionally lied about thetotal number of people infected with Covid-19,declaring one greater than the real one.I governi hanno mentito intenzionalmentesul numero totale dei contagiati da Covid-19,dichiarandone uno maggiore rispetto a quelloreale.20 Governments intentionally lied about the deathnumber from Covid-19.I governi hanno mentito intenzionalmente sulnumero dei morti da Covid-19.21 The pollution of the planet is an invention of thestrong world powers.L’inquinamento del pianeta è un’invenzione deipoteri forti mondiali.22 The Earth is flat, but it is kept hidden to citizens. La Terra è piatta, ma viene tenuto nascosto aicittadini.Note. a = Item 2 has been eliminated from the second solution.These items have been translated into English for this publication. Original items were in Italian.First published November 8, 2024
First published November 8, 2024
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